Description
The HEK293 cell line, an immortal epithelial cell line derived from human embryonic kidney cells in the 1970s by Alex van der Eb at the University of Utrecht, has become a staple in molecular biology and biotechnological applications due to its remarkable versatility and ease of genetic manipulation. The transformation of the HEK293 cell line involved the integration of a specific segment from Adenovirus 5 DNA, embedding the adenoviral E1A and E1B genes within the cellular genome. The adenoviral DNA modification enabled the cell lines ability to uptake foreign DNA efficiently, a feature known as high transfection efficiency. The integration of viral DNA into the HEK293 cell genome resulted in cellular immortalization and significantly enhanced the utility of these cells in biotechnological applications by facilitating the stable incorporation and expression of exogenous DNA, a process termed stable transfection. This capability allows for the persistent presence and function of foreign genes within the cells, making HEK293 an invaluable tool for genetic studies and biotechnology. As a result, HEK293 cells have become a fundamental resource in biotechnology for the production of recombinant proteins, including vital therapeutic proteins, and serving as robust host cells for the generation of viral vectors, particularly adenoviral and lentiviral vectors. HEK 293 cells are pivotal in the pharmaceutical industry for high-throughput screening assays, the manufacture of gene therapies targeting specific genes related to single gene disorders, and adenoviral infection studies. In industrial biotechnology, the utility of the human cell line HEK293 extends to recombinant enzyme production, viral vector production, such as adenoviral vectors, protein production and the development of biosensors. Toxicology research benefits from the application of the HEK cell line in assessing the impacts of chemicals on cell biology, including the effects on typical kidney cells and the potential for gene therapies. The ability of the immortal cell line HEK293 to efficiently produce native proteins highlights their essential role in medical research, including cancer research and exploring the foundations of gene therapy. HEK293 cells offer a unique platform for studying cell biology and proteins of interest, surpassing other cell lines in versatility and utility in both research and industrial applications. In comparison, HEK293T cells, a variant of HEK293, are modified to enhance transfection efficiency, HEK293F cells are adapted for suspension culture to facilitate large-scale protein production, and other mammalian cell lines such as Vero cells, derived from monkey kidney tissue, are primarily utilized in vaccine development and viral studies